The Ink in a Mighty Pen is the Result of Solvent Dyes and other Synthetic Mixtures

For most people, it isn't a matter of concern where their pens get ink from. How they are available in an array of colors that come in different forms like gel, ink for ball pens, etc. However, the other curious lot will always want to find out about where and how the dyes form and has been able to give people the freedom to use pens in any color they might imagine.

There is a complex procedure that goes on, before the pen can finally be filled with the ink that includes a number of solvent dyes, synthetic mixtures and resins, the work of which is to bind the color together with the help of chemical processes and thus, the writing instrument is prepared and ready for use.

The aim of the manufacturer is to be able to develop such an ink that is dependable and doesn't clog the pen, and maintains a smooth flow of color throughout the life of the pen, it shouldn't be different in the starting and the end.

The other aim of the manufacturer is to make these pens at the most cost effective manner, one wouldn't want to pay too much on a single pen, and this makes is essential for the manufacturer to be able to find the best mix of potions in order to be able to produce pens on affordable prices.

Solvent dyes are used in the printing ink industry, because of their qualities that work ideally for the different sorts of parameters that they need to fulfill in the printing and ink industry. They are also cost effective and this means neither the manufacturer nor the customer shall end up spending too much on the pens in the long run.

There are a number of solvent dye producers and suppliers and this means there is a lot of fake imitated version available. There might be people in the industry who might try to fool you selling low quality products at high prices. This is why it is essential to conduct proper research before a particular company can be trusted upon for products and services. One should definitely test samples and have free quotes by companies offering these products, so that the quality is assured before the order is placed with them.

A complete market survey is a good key for acquiring products at cost effective rates and one wouldn't have to suffer losses with the help of the same.

A Briefing on the Properties and Applications of Basic Dyes

Basic dyes belong to the class of synthetic dyes and are from the family of aniline dyes. These dyes are called so because they are salts of organic bases. They are also referred to as cationic dyes because in solution these dyes molecules ionize, causing its colored components to turn into an action of positively charged radical. Generally, these dyes are considered very easy-to-use and they can be used in several of printing and dyeing tasks. They feature excellent tinctorial strength and great brilliance, both of which are not at all excelled by any other category of dyes.

Properties:

• The characteristics that make these dyes special are the intensity and brilliance of their colours.
• They are readily soluble in mentholated spirit and alcohol
• Many of these dyes are hardly soluble in water.
• The major property of these dyes is that they will fuse with tannic acid to form an insoluble compound, provided mineral acid is not present.
• These colorants have poor fastness to light and differ in regard to washing fastness from poor to moderate.
• The wet fastness of these dyes on protein fibres can also be enhanced by means of back tanning. This includes treating the dyed material with tannic acid to form the insoluble compound, thereby alleviating the tendency to migrate.
• Materials like cotton are regarded as inadequate substrate for these dyes because they do not possess the entailed planar structures to absorb dyes.
• Most of these dyes are chlorides by chemical combination and they have positively charged colouring agent (or chromospheres).
• Majority of these dyes have vivid colours with varied range of brilliance. Besides, they may exhibit fluorescent properties and may occur in different colours.
• Special cationic dyes are also available for dyeing acrylic fibres.
• These dyes are utilized for woolen materials when particularly vibrant shades are required that cannot be obtained with acid dyes.
  

Applications:
Applications on wool, paper, wood, feather, straw-braided articles, leather and cotton is recommended. Selected members of this category can also be utilized for printing or dyeing on polyacrylonitrile fibre and acetate fibre.

Furthermore, the freebases of these dyes can be utilized as solvent dyes. Pigments precipitated by the combination of these dyes with phosphotungstomolybdic acid, display high fastness to light. They are extensively utilized in the manufacturing of stationery items like stamp-pad inks, carbon paper and ball-pen. In addition, these dyes can be employed as colouring elements in distemper when precipitated in China clay.

Cationic dyes are economical as compared to the other dyes. These dyes are extensively known to produce some of the best synthetic dyes utilized for commercial purposes. These dyes are a popular choice for their usage in hand painting on acrylic fibre because they are bright in colour and have a wash-fast property, when utilized on acrylic. They are also utilized for permanent dying of containers, floors, sinks, counters and wide array of other materials.

Basic dye is reliable and has strong colorants having numerous commercial applications. To know more about basic dyes and its properties, log on to www.royceintl.com. Royce offers a widespread range of performance based Specialty Chemicals.

Knowing the Difference between Clear Epoxy Glue and Clear Epoxy Resin

The epoxy adhesives are primarily a group of high-performance bonding agents, which include polyurethane, acrylic and cyanoacrylate among others. The differences among the various kinds of these adhesives mainly depend on their utilization purposes. The variations are done with the aid of hardeners that can make these adhesives opaque or transparent. These adhesives can be utilized to bond anything – steel, wood, glass, stone and even aircraft and boats parts.

Clear Epoxy Glue 
This glue is an adhesive mostly utilized for industrial applications. It is made up of two-parts i.e. liquid and powder. The proportions of these two-parts depend on your requirement like, how tough and swift to dry adhesive is required? One of the important industrial uses of this glue is in the jewellery industry, particularly, jewellery made out of plastic. In addition, this clear glue is utilized on large-scale for bonding of wood, glass and steel among other materials.

Clear Epoxy Resin: 
This resin is also an adhesive, but it is utilized as super-high gloss. A single coat of this resin equals as many as thirty coats of regular varnish. This is why these resins are utilized for the final touches on almost anything – stone, clocks, leather, plaques and ceramics etc. These clear resins are ideal for polished surface bar counters and tabletops.

Clear Epoxy Glue vs. Clear Resin –

Difference in their Uses 
The fundamental difference between Epoxy Glue and Clear Resin is their application or utilization. While the clear glue is usually utilized to bond products on small and large-scales, the clear resin is utilized more like a last finish coat, which enhances the appearance of the product. The clear glue can easily be manipulated by adjusting the proportions of the liquid hardener and powder epoxy into an adhesive, which dries slowly or swiftly, turns elastic or hard or into moulds for making plastic models. The resin is utilized to make a super-glossy, glass-type finish on any item – usually stone or wood.

Difference in their Application 
The clear glue, though a brilliant adhesive, which can be utilized to bond any kind of surface, is just an adhesive. However, clear resin also protects the surface it coats from rot (the chemical properties of this resin facilitates it to mingle in woods while it bond to it; hence, making it fungus proof), from water (it is water repellent) and from scratches (it hardens to turn into a glass-type surface).

Rendezvous with Basic Dyes – Known For Providing Bright Colors to Textiles

Whenever the discussion of Basic dyes starts, the very first sentence is often, “they are colored aromatic compounds.” These dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are primarily applied to acrylic fibres, but find some usage for silk and wool as well. These dyes are highly praised for their ability to produce brighter colors on textile. There are extremely bright dyes, which are commonly synthetic.
Basic dyes are named so because they are organic bases or salts, and are referred to as cationic dyes because in solution the dye molecules ionizes, causing its colored element to turn into an action of positively charged radical.
Properties:

• The amazing properties of cationic dyes are intensity and brilliance of their colors
• Many of these dyes are meagrely soluble in water
• These dyes are readily soluble in mentholated spirit and alcohol
• One important property of these dyes is that it can combine with tannic acid to create an insoluble compound provided mineral acid is not present.
• When treated with a reducing agent, most of these dyes are converted into their colors less leuco compounds, which can return to their original shade via oxidizing agents or exposure to air.
• The wet fastness of cationic dyes on protein fibres can be enhanced by back tanning.
• The brightness and quality of colors obtained with these dyes are amazing and unparallel
• It is advised not to use these dyes on cotton owing to the non-plainer structure of cotton and its incompetency for sufficient affinity.
  

Uses of cationic dyes:

• The dyes are utilized for wooden goods when specifically bright colors are needed that cannot be availed with acid dyes
• They are used for making typewriter ribbons, inks and dyeing leather.
• Basic dye does not possess affinity for cellulosic fibres like cotton. However, bright shades are required on cotton that can only be achieved by using cationic dyes.
• They are applied to silk, modified acrylic fibres and wool
• They are used for coloring dry flowers, cut flowers, coir and jute.
• Are used for coloration of paper
  

Modified Basic Dyes
The all-new improvised dyes, based on an identical chemistry of cationic dyes, display a bit lengthier molecular structures as compared to conventional cationic dyes, and results in substantially improved properties. Their key benefits over conventional cationic dyes are:

• Outstanding substantivity
• Covers all fibres
• Better Light fastness
• Clear backwaters
  

In case, the reason behind the success of basic dye is assessed, it would be noted that the positively charged cations of these dyes becomes attracted towards the negatively charged anions in the acrylic fibre. Some major examples of cationic dyes are basic fuchsia safranin, crystal violet and methylene blue etc.

Use Epoxy Resin for Fine Adhesion and High Stability

Epoxy, along with its incredible range of applications, has been extensively used since 1950s. Many books were written about these adhesives and its usages in the 70s, but since then myriad changes have happened in, both, its formulation and uses. As of 2011, the epoxy resin industry amounts to over $15 billion in North America and about $25 billion across the world. In the current times, epoxy users have become highly sophisticated and expect more from these adhesives for which they spend their money. 

Overview
These adhesives are thermosetting polymer created from the reaction of epoxide 'resin' with the polyamine 'hardener.' These resins are used in a range of applications, including general use adhesives and fiber-reinforced plastic materials. Furthermore, they are a class of synthetic resins commonly utilized to make adhesives and plastics. They are highly acclaimed for their splendid adhesion, toughness, durability and high- resistance to heat and chemicals.
 Applications
Functions of these resins are fundamental across numerous industries – it is used in glues, ad infinitum, putties and paints. 

Paints and Coatings
Two-part epoxy coatings were formed for heavy-duty employment on metal surfaces and utilized less energy as compared to heat-cured powder coatings. They dry swiftly providing a durable protective coating with outstanding solidity. Their low volatility and easy water clean-up makes them bulls-eye for factory cast aluminum, cast iron and cast steel. They are widely used in automobile and industrial applications because they are more heat-resistant as compared to alkali-based and latex-based paints. 

Foams
Epoxy resins are utilized to form lightweight, sturdy, foamy structures boasting of excellent insulation properties. Moreover, they are specifically utilized for foam-in-place applications in the casting and 'potting' process. These resins are prod

Construction
These resins are now utilized as binders in materials employed for construction. Typically, a 2-parts system consisting of diluents, thickening agents, fillers, curing agents and resins is used. They are utilized to bond concrete and to generate industrial smooth slender-set terrazzo floors. This application has been extended to the construction of buildings, roads and filling up the cracks in concrete structures. 

Adhesives
The versatile characteristics of these resins make them extremely valuable as adhesives in military and civilian applications. Approximately 5% of total epoxy production is consumed as adhesive in a range of structural applications. These adhesives create strong bonds with all kinds of surfaces, with the exception of some non-polar surfaces. 

Laminates
Laminated epoxy based insulations are widely utilized as rods, tubes and sheets. Paper, polyaramid fabric or sheets of woven glass with the B-stage epoxies are laminated in multiple pattern presses. In addition, they are utilized in preparing assemblies of polyaramid fibers or copper-clad glass for printed circuit boards in the electronics sector.

These resins can be bought from hardware store, marine supply outlets, hobby shops, craft stores or online. However, when using epoxy resin, it is essential to follow certain safety measures. A person must work in a well-ventilated area and prevent inhaling the fumes of the product. He should also wear gloves and shades to protect his skin and eyes.

A Rendezvous with the Applications of Epoxy in Commercial and Domestic World

Epoxy, also referred to as poly-epoxide is a thermostatic polymer formed via a reaction of a polyamine “hardener” with epoxide “resin”. This chemical compound is a co-polymer; that means, it is formed from 2-different chemicals, and they are referred to as resins and hardener. This chemical compound boasts of a gamut of applications, including general purpose adhesives and fiber-reinforced plastic materials.

Application of Epoxies: Listed below are some of the major applications of it:

Adhesives:
Poly-epoxide adhesives are an eminent part of the class of adhesives known as 'engineering adhesives' or 'structural adhesives'. These high-performance adhesives are utilized in the construction of automobiles, aircraft, snow boards, golf clubs, boats, skis, bicycles, and other applications, where high strength bonds are needed. These adhesives can be formed to suit almost any kind of application. Moreover, they are exceptional adhesives for metal, stone, wood and some plastics.

Coatings and Paintings:
Two-part waterborne epoxies coating are utilized as ambient cure coatings. These non-hazardous, two part coatings are created for hefty duty services on metal stratum and make use of less energy as opposed to heat-cured powder coatings. These systems make use of a more luring 4:1 by volume mixing ratio. The coating dries swiftly rendering a tough, solid, UV resistant, projective coating along with immense hardness and excellent abrasion and mar resistance. They are designed for quick dry protective coating applications.

In addition, ambient part two waterborne epoxy coatings offer superior physical proper; they have superlative adhesion to several metal substrates. Their water cleanup and low volatility indeed makes them an ideal for factory cast aluminum, cast iron and cast steel applications and decreases flammability and exposure issues associated with solvent-borne coatings. They are utilized for automotive and commercial uses since they are high-heat resistant.

Industrial Tooling & Composites:
Polyepoxide systems are utilized in industrial tooling applications in order to produce fixtures, models, castings, laminates, and various other industrial production aids. This 'plastic tooling' substitutes wood, metal and other expensive traditional materials, and generally boosts the efficiency and reduces the overall cost and lead time for ambit industrial processes. In addition, they are utilized in producing composite or fiber-reinforced components. They are generally moire expensive as compared to vinyl ester resins or polyester resins, but produce robust and heat-resistant composite parts.

Art:
Epoxies resin, mingled with pigment is utilized as a painting medium via pouring layers on top of one another to create a complete painting.

The applications of epoxy based materials are magnanimous and include composite materials, adhesives and coatings like those utilizing fiberglass reinforcements and carbon fiber. Moreover, the chemistry of epoxies and the array of commercially available variations facilitate cure polymers to be generated with a gigantic range of properties. In general, this poly-epoxide is known for its good-to excellent mechanical properties, heat and chemical resistance, highly good electrical insulating properties and excellent adhesion.

Merits of Epoxy Resins in Marine Composite Structures

Epoxy resins have been in use for almost a century. Epoxies are versatile polymers and exhibit distinctive blend of properties. In any high-tech structural use, where light weight, durability, low cure shrinkage, strength and stiffness, adhesion electrical insulation and corrosion resistance properties are entailed, resins are regarded as the minimum standard of performance for the matrix of the composite. This is the reason why in aerospace, airplanes, aircrafts, offshore racing boats applications, resins have been the ‘norm’ for years.

Nonetheless, 95% of pleasure boats under sixty feet now are still constructed with polyester resin. The key consideration for materials choice for most composite builders is cost, with value and performance usually being a secondary consideration. As a rule, resins are twice as costly as vinyl ester resins and vinyl ester are twice as costly as polyesters. On the other hand, when considered against the cost of the entire structure (the boat), the cost is fairly insignificant and the value of superior quality and long term benefits of better durability (hence better resale value) can be magnanimous.

Contributing Factors to this Better Value:

Adhesive Properties:
Epoxies have far superior adhesive properties as compared to vinyl and polyester resins. The better adhesion of epoxies is due to 2-key reasons. The first is at the physical level- as epoxy cure with low shrinkage, several surface contacts set up between liquid resin and reinforcement is not disturbed during cure. The outcome is a more homogenous bond between resins and fibres and a better transmission of load between the various components of the matrix. The second one is at molecular level, wherein the presence of polar hydroxyl boosts adhesion.

Mechanical Properties:
Two vital mechanical characteristics of any resin systems are its tensile stiffness and strength. The tensile strength of epoxy resins is 20-30% higher than vinyl ester and polyester. It is to be noted that boats constructed with vinyl or polyester are seldom post cured in the workshop while boats made with epoxies quite often are.

Enhanced Resistance to Micro Cracking and Fatigue:
In majority instances, an appropriately designed hull laminate will never be subjected to its ultimate strength therefore, physical properties of resin matrix, though imperative are not the sole criteria on which the choice has to be made. Long before the final load is transferred and failure occurs, the laminate will reach a stress level, wherein the resin will start to split away from the fibre reinforcements not aligned along with the applied load.

Reduced Degradation from Water Penetration:
A vital property of resin, especially in a marine environment is its capability to resist degradation from water ingress. Both vinyl and polyester are prone to water ingress because of the existence of hydrolysable ester groups in their molecular structures. Consequently, a slender polyester laminate can be anticipated to retain only 65% of its inter-laminate strength after immersion over the tenure of one year. Whereas epoxy resins laminate immersed for an identical time will retain around 90%.